May 15, 2009

Posted by John

Tagged beginner

Older: Class and Instance Methods in Ruby

Newer: Swine Flu and the Twitter Gem

Include vs Extend in Ruby

Now that we know the difference between an instance method and a class method, let’s cover the difference between include and extend in regards to modules. Include is for adding methods to an instance of a class and extend is for adding class methods. Let’s take a look at a small example.

module Foo
  def foo
    puts 'heyyyyoooo!'
  end
end

class Bar
  include Foo
end

Bar.new.foo # heyyyyoooo!
Bar.foo # NoMethodError: undefined method ‘foo’ for Bar:Class

class Baz
  extend Foo
end

Baz.foo # heyyyyoooo!
Baz.new.foo # NoMethodError: undefined method ‘foo’ for #<Baz:0x1e708>

As you can see, include makes the foo method available to an instance of a class and extend makes the foo method available to the class itself.

Include Example

If you want to see more examples of using include to share methods among models, you can read my article on how I added simple permissions to an app. The permissions module in that article is then included in a few models thus sharing the methods in it. That is all I’ll say here, so if you want to see more check out that article.

Extend Example

I’ve also got a simple example of using extend that I’ve plucked from the Twitter gem. Basically, Twitter supports two methods for authentication—httpauth and oauth. In order to share the maximum amount of code when using these two different authentication methods, I use a lot of delegation. Basically, the Twitter::Base class takes an instance of a “client”. A client is an instance of either Twitter::HTTPAuth or Twitter::OAuth.

Anytime a request is made from the Twitter::Base object, either get or post is called on the client. The Twitter::HTTPAuth client defines the get and post methods, but the Twitter::OAuth client does not. Twitter::OAuth is just a thin wrapper around the OAuth gem and the OAuth gem actually provides get and post methods on the access token, which automatically handles passing the OAuth information around with each request.

The implementation looks something like this (full file on github):

module Twitter
  class OAuth
    extend Forwardable
    def_delegators :access_token, :get, :post

    # a bunch of code removed for clarity
  end
end

Rather than define get and post, I simply delegate the get and post instance methods to the access token, which already has them defined. I do that by extending the Forwardable module onto the Twitter::OAuth class and then using the def_delegators class method that it provides. This may not be the most clear example, but it was the first that came to mind so I hope it is understandable.

A Common Idiom

Even though include is for adding instance methods, a common idiom you’ll see in Ruby is to use include to append both class and instance methods. The reason for this is that include has a self.included hook you can use to modify the class that is including a module and, to my knowledge, extend does not have a hook. It’s highly debatable, but often used so I figured I would mention it. Let’s look at an example.

module Foo
  def self.included(base)
    base.extend(ClassMethods)
  end
  
  module ClassMethods
    def bar
      puts 'class method'
    end
  end
  
  def foo
    puts 'instance method'
  end
end

class Baz
  include Foo
end

Baz.bar # class method
Baz.new.foo # instance method
Baz.foo # NoMethodError: undefined method ‘foo’ for Baz:Class
Baz.new.bar # NoMethodError: undefined method ‘bar’ for #<Baz:0x1e3d4>

There are a ton of projects that use this idiom, including Rails, DataMapper, HTTParty, and HappyMapper. For example, when you use HTTParty, you do something like this.

class FetchyMcfetcherson
  include HTTParty
end

FetchyMcfetcherson.get('http://foobar.com')

When you add the include to your class, HTTParty appends class methods, such as get, post, put, delete, base_uri, default_options and format. I think this idiom is what causes a lot of confusion in the include verse extend understanding. Because you are using include it seems like the HTTParty methods would be added to an instance of the FetchyMcfetcherson class, but they are actually added to the class itself.

Conclusion

Hope this helps those struggling with include verse extend. Use include for instance methods and extend for class methods. Also, it is sometimes ok to use include to add both instance and class methods. Both are really handy and allow for a great amount of code reuse. They also allow you to avoid deep inheritance, and instead just modularize code and include it where needed, which is much more the ruby way.



4 Comments

  1. Clear explanation, nicely done. Worth noting that extend() is a Kernel method; object.extend(mod) adds the methods from mod as singleton methods to any type of object. There is also a hook for it, just define self.extended(base) in your module.

    Also, we could abstract the included+extend pattern into a class method on Module:

    class Module
      def extends_host_with(class_methods)
        @_extension_module = class_methods
        def included(base)
          base.extend(const_get(@_extension_module))
        end
      end
    end
    
    ## Example
    module MyMod
      extends_host_with :ClassMethods
      
      def an_instance_method; end
      
      module ClassMethods
        def a_class_method; end
      end
    end
    
  2. Thanks for the clear write-up, John. You might be interested in how my friend Lachie Cox illustrated the idiom you described above. I’ve found it very instructive and a great quick reference.

  3. As James noted “object.extend(mod) adds the methods from mod as singleton methods to any type of object” so I would not say “extend is for adding class methods”.

    Its just that inside a class body the implicit self is the class object and so extend adds instance methods to the class object which are known as class methods to the traditional OOP-programmer.

  4. “to my knowledge, extend does not have a hook.”

    There actually is one, just what you would guess:

    irb(main):007:0> module Foo
    irb(main):008:1> def self.extended(klass)
    irb(main):009:2> puts “extended by class #{klass}”
    irb(main):010:2> end
    irb(main):011:1> end
    => nil
    irb(main):012:0> extend Foo
    extended by class main
    => main

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